Adjustment and Motivation

 Adjustment – its meaning, concept and its characteristics.
 Factors affecting adjusting adjustment at home, school, society
 Causes of maladjustment
o Conflicts
o Frustrations

 Methods of adjustment

o Direct method
o Indirect method

What is Adjustment?
Adjustment is a state of mind. It means the modification is compensate for or meet special conditions when one feels that one needs have been or will be gratified.
Adjustment is the process of finding and adopting models of behavior suitable to the environment or making change in the environment.

Adjustment is a two way Process
It involves not only the process of fitting one reference into the circumstances but also to change the process
Adjustment is a process & outcomes both
It is a Continuous process because the person is changing continuously. There cannot be a complete adjustment one’s for all

Adjustment consists of personal and Environmental Components.

Personal Components are Health (Physical development), personal relations, Courtship and marriage, Home and family and Psychological statues

Environmental components are Financial condition, Social relation, moral and religious back ground, living conditions, City/ State you are live in and the level of education as well as exposure received by an individual.

Characteristics of well adjusted person

• Capacity to deal with adverse circumstances
• Realistic perception of the world, balanced philosophy of life
• Absence of critical or facts finding attitude and a feeling of ease with his surroundings
• Awareness of own strength and weaknesses
• Respecting himself and others
• Adequate level of aspiration
• Satisfaction of basic needs
• Flexibility of behavior

Causes of Maladjustment
• Stress, pressures, tension related to money, family, spouse, job, children, looks, achievement etc
• Conflicts in motives
• Anxieties
• Dissatisfaction of various types
• Feeling of insecurity, lack of love & affection, psychological problems

Methods of Adjustment

What is Adjustment?
Adjust means Coping with one’s environment as effectively as possible, to lead a healthy, happy and satisfied life. One has to safeguard himself against turning into a maladjustment and abnormal personality.
These are many methods for keeping and resting harmony between the individual & environment.
DIRECT METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT
These methods are employed by individuals intentionally & consciously.
• Increasing trials & improving efforts.
• Adopting to new ways
• Compromising
• Withdrawals & submission.
• Making proper choices & decision.
As a teacher we need see that our students are adjusting well and they are not having any adjustment problems or developing and psychological problems.

We need to be vigilant and very observant to protect all the children from maladjustment – specially bully children, orphans, poor children, female children. Shy children etc

INDIRECT METHOD OF ADJUSTMENT
Here the person tries to seek temporary adjustment to protect himself for the time being against psychological disorder
• Repression
• Regression
• Compensation
• Rationalization
• Projection
• Identification
• Withdrawal
• Sympathy


Motivation meaning, concept, importance and types of motivation
Maslow’s theory of motivation
Mc. Clelland achievement motivation theory
Role of motivation in learning

Motivation may be regarded as something which prompts, compels and energizes an individual to get or behave in a particular manner at a particular time for attaining some specific goal or purpose.
But what are those activating forces that push and pull an individual to move or act to achieving a specific goal?
Activating forces
 Needs
 Drives
 Motives

Needs: Needs are general wants or drives & every human being has to strive for the satisfaction of his need.
Drives: Drives arise from imbalances in the body’s internal functioning to maintain the homeostasis hunger, thirst, sex & escape from pain.
Primary drive – arouses from biological need
Secondary drive – arises from socio, psychological needs.

Motives: A particular need gives rise to an activating force or a drive that moves an individual to act or behave in a particular fashion. Drives give rise to motives.
TYPES OF MOTIVES

 Hunger Motive
 Thirst Motive
 Sex Motive
 Maternal Motive
 Aggression Motive
 Affiliation Motive
Motivation Theories

Mc Clelland’s Achievement Motivation theory
The basis of achievement motivation is achievement motive i.e. motive to achieve. So this theory highlights the role of the achievement motive as the basis of an individual activity.
Mc Clelland and Atkinson
“ Achievement motivation may be associated with a variety of goals, but in general the behavior adopted will involve activity which is directed towards the attainment of some standards of excellence, completion with others in which they arise.”
Mc. David and Hasari “A system of good direction in human activity that is closely related to competence, aggressiveness and dominance is described by psychologists as achievement motivation.” IN general achievement motivation is expectancy of finding satisfaction in mastery of difficulty and challenging performances where as in the field of education in particular it stands for the pursuit of excellence.
Role of Motivation in learning Role of Motivation in learning
Our Behavior is guided through many different factors. Different schools of psychology have different views and different theories for the motivation of behavior.
According to Pavlov Thorndike Watson & B.F.Skinner It is the reward and reinforcement which motivates learning.
It is the Social rewards and praise that also motivates behavior
B.F.Skinner says in his operant condition theory that an organism behaves in a particular way & his /her behavior shaped through particular reinforcement schedule.
Cognitive Psychologist emphasized the cognitive factors (goals, motives) which produces behavior.
Humanist like Maslow emphasized Hierarchical structure by fulfilling the basic needs first and rising towards the higher level of needs.

Maslow’s theory of Motivation
Maslow’s theory of motivation also known as Abraham Maslow Self Actualization theory:
He proposed that a motivational behavior may satisfy many needs at the same time. Human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of prepotency. That means the appearance on one need generally depends on the satisfaction of other needs.


Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

We think of other needs only when the need for food and the other basic physiological needs have been gratified (some exceptions are seen)
Importance of Motivation
Each motive is important to satisfy either it is biological or psycho-socio need of human being. If these needs are not satisfied they can create mental disorder or abnormal behavior, or stress of dissatisfaction in one’s life.